For the development of mankind, Materials sciences have played a key role. Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) is an integrative field of science and engineering which inspects how variations in the structure of a material impact its properties. This field comprises of chemical, biomedical, mechanical, electrical, aerospace engineering, civil, physics and chemistry. Materials scientists and engineers improve materials for new applications, expand existing materials to reinforce interpretation and estimate ways in which diverse materials can be used along. Materials-related spectacles and strategies like investigatory and analytical techniques, materials degradation, surfaces and interfaces, failure investigation and nondestructive analysis. It is a discipline that supports both the design and application of materials in society.

Nanoengineering is the practice of engineering on the nanoscale. It derives its name from the nanometre, a unit of measurement equalling one billionth of a meter. Nanoengineering is largely a synonym for nanotechnology, but emphasizes the engineering rather than the pure science aspects of the field.

Nanophotonics or nano-optics is the study of the manners of light on the nanometer scale and of the communication of nanometer-scale substances with light. It is a division of optics, electrical engineering, optical engineering and nanotechnology. It repeatedly comprises metallic components, which can conveyance and emphasis light through surface plasmon polaritons. Nanophotonics is the novel evolving hypothesis where light cooperates with nano-scaled structures and fetches onward the secretive world to research. The amalgamation of Photonics and Nanotechnology giving delivery to “Nanophotonics” salutates and welfares each other in rapports of innovative functions, materials, fabrication processes and applications. The study of light at the nanometer-scale is nanophotonics and plasmonics. Light can individually be engrossed to advert unevenly half its wavelength in size which is a few hundred nanometers for visible light. This boundary can be exceeded by pairing light to electrons at the surface of a metal and generating surface plasmons.

Nanochemistry is a new discipline concerned with the unique properties associated with assemblies of atoms or molecules on a scale between that of the individual building blocks and the bulk material. Nanochemistry is the use of synthetic chemistry to make nanoscale building blocks of desired shape, size, composition and surface structure, charge and functionality with an optional target to control self-assembly of these building blocks at various scale-lengths.

Nanotoxicology is study of the nature and mechanism of toxic effects of nanoparticles on living organisms and other biological systems. It also deals with the quantitative assessment of the severity and occurrence of nanotoxic effects relative to the exposure of the organisms. Human exposure routes are mainly mediated through inhalation, dermal, oral intake or by injection. The small particle size and the shape of nanomaterial allows to uptake into blood and lymph circulation and circulation to tissues in the body that normally are protected by barriers, such as the brain by penetration of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB).

The fast development of the Nanodevices is driving the world through the roadways of improvement in different sections of science and innovation. The Nano devices &Nano frameworks have brought a colossal change of mankind with its Nano way of life gadgets. The examination includes in brilliant sensors and savvy conveyance frameworks, demonstrating and reproduction alongside the organically enlivened gadgets which are expected to move at a gigantic development of 34% CAGR and the anticipated development of the Nano switches and Optical-biosensors is up to $58.9% billion increment before the end of 2018 by enrolling a sound CAGR of 20.7%.Around the world making the world's focus the exploration territories of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology.

Nanobiotechnology, bionanotechnology, and nanobiology are terms that refer to the intersection of nanotechnology and biology. Given that the subject is one that has only emerged very recently, bionanotechnology and nanobiotechnology serve as blanket terms for various related technologies.

The field of pharmaceutical nanotechnology provides an insights into the study of synthesis, characterisation and diagnostic application of materials at the nanoscale. The particular interest within the field is synthesis, characterisation, biological evaluation, clinical testing and toxicological assessment of nanomaterials as drugs for various diseases.Nanotechnology is the science which deals with the processes that occur at molecular level and of nanolength scale size.

The major studies in the nanotechnology include nanosized particles, their function and behaviour with respect to other systems. The tremendous capabilities of nanoparticles have changed the perspective and scope of nanotechnology towards development into an adjuvant field for the remaining fields of life sciences.

Neuroengineering focuses on the development of artificial devices and novel materials to be functionally and structurally interfaced with the central nervous system (CNS). Today, there is the expectation that materials science and nanotechnology will be able to address these challenges and lead to breakthroughs at the level of the interfaces between artificial transducers/actuators and living cells. Nanoparticles are able to penetrate the BBB of in vitro and in vivo models; and therefore can be used to develop diagnostic tools as well as nano-enabled delivery systems that can bypass the BBB in order to facilitate conventional and novel neurotherapeutic interventions such as drug therapy, gene therapy, and tissue regeneration.

One of the most promising applications of nanotechnology is in the field of medicine. Indeed, a whole new field of “nanomedicine” is emerging. Nano medicine has been defined as the monitoring, repair, construction and control of human biological systems at the molecular level using engineered nano devices and nanostructures. It can also be regarded as another implementation of nanotechnology in the field of medical science and diagnostics.

The latest application of Nanotechnology for surgeons are in the area of advancement pf surgical implants using nanomaterial like Imaging, Drug Delivery and the advancement of tissue engineering products. The research has been done in the field of dentistry related to nanotechnology, liposomal Nanoparticles comprises collagenase and this has been tested on rats and found that as compared to the conventional surgery collagenase declining the collagen fibre which makes the teeth to shift easier with braces.

Nano devices are critical enablers that will allow mankind to exploit the ultimate technological capabilities of electronic, magnetic, mechanical, and biological systems. Nano sensors are chemical or mechanical sensors that can be used to detect the presence of chemical species and nanoparticles, or monitor physical parameters such as temperature, on the nanoscale.

The use of nanotechnology in cancer treatment offers some exciting possibilities, including the possibility of destroying cancer tumors with minimal damage to healthy tissue and organs, as well as the detection and elimination of cancer cells before they form tumors.

Tissue engineering is the use of a grouping of cells, engineering and materials methods, and appropriate biochemical and physicochemical factors to increase or replace biological tissues. Tissue engineering includes the use of a scaffold for the creation of innovative viable tissue for a medical determination. While it was once characterized as a sub-field of biomaterials, having developed in scope and importance and it can be considered as a field in its own.

DNA nanotechnology is the design and manufacture of artificial nucleic acid structures for technical uses. In this field, nucleic acids are used as non-biological engineering materials for nanotechnology rather than as the carriers of genetic information in living cells. Researchers in the field have created static structures such as two- and three-dimensional crystal lattices, nanotubes, polyhedral, and arbitrary shapes, and functional devices such as molecular machines and DNA computers. The field is beginning to be used as a tool to solve basic science problems in structural biology and biophysics, including applications in X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins to determine structures. Potential applications in molecular scale electronics and Nano medicine are also being investigated.

Nano-forensics is an entirely novel part of the forensic science accompanied with the enlargement of nanosensors, nanotechnical methods for real-time crime scene investigation and terrorist activity inquiries, detecting the presence of explosive gases, biological mediators and filtrates. Forensic Science is an expansive field of subspecialties which use different techniques amended from the natural sciences to acquire criminal or further legitimate evidence. Nanotechnology is beginning to have an influence on the holding of evidence at crime scenes, its examination in the laboratory and its presentation in the court of law. Application of nanotechnology is possible to augment the capability to toxic materials, forensic evidence in tissue, materials and soil. Nano-analysis is generally used in the detection of crimes in nanotechnology which comprises some of the techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering and Raman Microscopy. These techniques assist forensic scientists in two different ways, one is by making it conceivable to analyze nano-scaled trials and the other by making use of the exact effects of nanomaterial to recognize and assemble evidence, which would not have been possible by earlier techniques. Some of the novel approaches that ease the way for forensic scientists are DNA extraction from palm-prints, gun residues, fingerprints, explosives and heavy metals which provide conclusive evidence.

The association of nanoparticles in a thin film shape is regularly important to render these utilitarian and operational. Two critical synthetic strategies. One is high-temperature warm disintegration and second is fluid interface response, reasonable for planning movies of numerous metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. Moreover, the use of a high-vitality ball processing and start plasma sintering process for the arrangement and preparing of nano composite powders into mass magnets are additionally highlighted.

Graphene is an atomic-scale honeycomb lattice made of carbon atoms. Graphene is undoubtedly emerging as one of the most promising nanomaterials because of its unique combination of superb properties, which opens a way for its exploitation in a wide spectrum of applications ranging from electronics to optics, sensors, and biodevices.

Molecular Nanotechnology is a technological revolution which seeks nothing less than perfectibility. Molecular manufacturing technology can be clean and self-contained. Molecular Nano manufacturing will slowly transform our connection towards matter and molecules as clear as the computer changed our relationship to information and bits. It will help accurate, inexpensive control of the structure of matter.